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Marijuana is illegal under federal law, but most Americans now live in a state that has legalized the drug. And most also have at least one cannabis dispensary in their county, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis.
Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to examine how many Americans now live in a jurisdiction where marijuana is legal under state law, as well as how many Americans have a marijuana dispensary in their county.
For information about state marijuana laws, we consulted the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. All information is current as of February 2024.
For population estimates at the state, county and census tract levels, we relied on the U.S. Census Bureau – specifically, Table B01003 of the American Community Survey’s 5-year estimates for 2019. County-level estimates include counties and county equivalents (such as Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska). For median household incomes at the state and census tract levels, we used Table S1901 of the same publication.
To measure the concentration of dispensaries at the census tract level, researchers calculated the state-level percentile rank of each census tract using the number of dispensaries in each tract. High concentration areas are census tracts in the top 3rd percentile of their respective state, while low concentration areas are those in the bottom 3rd percentile of their respective state.
For information about cannabis dispensaries – including geolocation details – we used data provided by SafeGraph, which curates information about millions of places of interest around the globe. When we collected this data on June 23, 2023, SafeGraph had records for 123,330 drug and pharmacy-related businesses under the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) tags 424210 and 446110 nationwide.
We arrived at our estimated number of cannabis dispensaries using the following SafeGraph category tags to identify locations that operate as dispensaries, collectives, clinics and/or medical referrals: “Cannabis Clinic,” “Medical Cannabis Referrals,” “Cannabis Dispensary” and “Cannabis Collective.” For the purposes of this analysis, we excluded businesses tagged only as medical referrals, since cannabis is typically not sold on-site at these locations. We included businesses under all other cannabis-related tags, resulting in 14,932 dispensaries.
The analysis finds:
These findings are based on our analysis of state marijuana laws from the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws; U.S. population statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau; and marijuana dispensary locations from SafeGraph, which curates information about millions of places of interest around the globe. Our analysis of dispensaries includes those that sell cannabis (including low-THC cannabis products) for medical or recreational use.
Below, we’ll explore these findings in more detail.
Since Colorado and Washington became the first states to pass legislation in 2012, there are now 24 states (plus the District of Columbia) that have legalized the recreational use of marijuana as of February 2024. Another 14 states allow the drug for medical use only.
The remaining 12 states have legalized limited access to cannabis products that contain little to no THC – the main psychoactive substance in marijuana – such as CBD oil.
And 27 states across all levels of legalization have decriminalized recreational marijuana use.
These changes in state law come as a broad majority of Americans say marijuana should be legal in some way. In an October 2022 Pew Research Center survey, 88% of U.S. adults said the drug should be legal, either for recreational and medical use (59%) or for medical use only (30%).
Our analysis finds that around three-quarters of all dispensaries in the country (76%) are in states that have legalized the recreational use of marijuana. Another 23% are in medical marijuana-only states. In fact, two of the top five states with the largest number of dispensaries – Oklahoma and Florida – allow the drug for medical use only.
The remaining 1% of dispensaries are in states that have made legal allowances for low-percentage THC or CBD-only products. Half of all residents of these states live in a county with at least one dispensary.
The patchwork of state laws governing the sale and use of marijuana means that many states have more permissive laws than their immediate neighbors do. Our analysis finds concentrations of dispensaries near these borders between more and less permissive states.
Overall, one in every five dispensaries in the U.S. is located within 20 miles of a state border. And 29% of these border dispensaries adjoin a neighboring state with less permissive cannabis laws.
For example, Indiana, Kansas and Texas all have restrictive marijuana laws but are bordered by multiple states that have legalized the drug for recreational or medical purposes. In fact, a person residing in one of these three states can find more than 100 dispensaries within 20 miles of the state’s borders.
The early years of marijuana legalization were marked by concerns that dispensaries would be clustered in low-income neighborhoods. Our analysis finds that, nationwide, median incomes tend to be a bit lower in areas with a greater concentration of dispensaries.
But this can vary quite a bit in individual states.
In four states that have legalized marijuana for both recreational and medical purposes – Colorado, Connecticut, Maryland and Virginia – median annual household incomes are at least $20,000 lower in areas with high concentrations of dispensaries than areas in the state with low concentrations of dispensaries. In New Hampshire and New York, by contrast, median household incomes are around $20,000 or more higher in areas with many dispensaries than in areas with few dispensaries.
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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.
Most Americans now live in a legal marijuana state – and most have at least one dispensary in their county – Pew Research Center
